TFA/December 2005
From Bandipedia
December 14
VoIP is a means of transmitting analog voice signals over a digital network. Instead of your voice being transmitted over analog phone lines, your calls will be routed through networking equipment and travel by way of Internet Protocol. Since phone calls are placed through the internet, phone companies and long-distance charges are bypassed. Commercial users of VoIP technologies can save money and cut costs by installing VoIP hardware instead of using telephones which can accumulate hefty long distance charges. They're several ways of using VoIP technology. Peer to Peer Software, ATAs, and VoIP Telephones are the three most common methods.
December 15
Nothing is more frustrating for T1 buyers than hidden costs that prop up during and after an installation. The king pin of hidden costs is by far the dreaded DMARC Extension. Hidden costs regarding DMARC extension are often the result of multiple carriers coming together to deliver a service and poorly communicating with each other on what it will take to complete the job. Often times, a clear view of what additional parts and pieces are needed to deploy a T1 isn’t known until the eleventh hour when the LEC is installing the access loop, which is the last piece of a T1 install. The blame is often placed on the sales rep for not clearly defining these costs upfront, or the ISP for not putting these costs in the price quote. Finger pointing all around may occur, but in the end, the buyer will lay out additional dollars to keep the install moving forward. This article covers what an extended DAMRC is, when it is needed, and what costs are associated with it should it happen on your T1 install.
December 16
Though the hottest new brand of telecommunications, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is packetized and transmitted as data bits, it is still characteristically similar to a traditional phone call most notably in that communication is two-way and both parties must transmit and receive data simultaneously. In a networking terms, this is considered Full Duplex communications and is a requirement to run VoIP over any network. There are several reasons for buying a Fast Ethernet Switch verses an Ethernet Hub for VoIP.
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December 17
Most businesses upgrading their network from a DSL or Cable connection to a business grade T1 connection will be faced with making a leap in router technology also. The simple DSL router pinning down their current IP circuit won’t have the horsepower to terminate a T1. The following topics probe into the various purchasing decisions a buyer will face and some helpful information to make those decisions.
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December 18
Cisco routers with dual WIC slot capabilities such as the 1800 and 2700 series routers can effectively terminate a T1 and ADSL simultaneously for a primary, back-up type configuration. In most cases, a T1 will be configured as the primary route and ADSL will serve as the fail-over route should the primary drop. The Cisco part numbers for the two WIC cards needed are as follows:
WIC-1-DSU-T1-V2 (terminates T1) WIC-1-ADSL (terminates ADSL)
December 19
Residential class VoIP services such as Vonage do not have integrated features that businesses reply on. One notable advantage of business grade VoIP service from a provider using the Sylantro Feature Server platform is the advent of music on hold or marketing message on hold. Businesses who want to have a professional greeting and on-hold interface will enjoy the ability to customize an on-hold message, or tailor their own brand of music
December 20
Quality of Service is the process implemented across a carrier’s backbone whereby specific packets are labeled with a priority tag. The packets of a higher rank will be handled first by a router receiving multiple transmissions. A comparable analogy is an ambulance in rush-hour traffic. Automobiles must line up and compete for forward movement. An ambulance has authority to pass every other car on the road because it is has a priority over them. QoS takes form at the user’s level on CPE as prioritization. A router can prioritize packets giving rank to specific applications it send to the network.
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December 21
EdgeMarc Series Converged Network Appliances by Edgewater Networks are at home in mission critical LAN applications especially Voice over IP (VoIP). Edgewater has engineered this line of enterprise duty appliances with very sophisticated on-board Quality of Service (QoS) traits. EdgeMarc series routers classify high priority endpoint devises such as IP handsets and A/D adaptors based on the given MAC address and then mark traffic from these devises as priority over other packets sent across the LAN. These classified and marked packets are then queued respectively for both upstream and downstream transit.
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December 22
With the advent and growing popularity for business grade Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) however, latency has never been so important. The networks of tier-one carriers of which latency favors, have never been is such a great position to capitalize on the sound deployment of their backbone either. The following discussion takes a closer look at how latency impacts a VoIP deployment in a business setting.
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December 23
Asterisk is an open source Linux software for PBX. It runs on Linux and provides all of the features you would expect from a PBX. Asterisk provides voice over IP in three protocols, and can interoperate with almost all standards-based telephony equipment using relatively inexpensive hardware.
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December 24
It’s obvious by the vast delta in price between DSL and T1 that they are not the same. From the outside looking in however, it is hard to define exactly what sets them apart. This article attempts to make since of the major difference between T1 and DSL.
A T1 weighing in at over five hundred dollars per month, has a throughput of one and a half megabit per second (1.5 Mbps). DSL on the other hand, with an average price point less than one-hundred dollars per month, also claims 1.5 Mbps speeds. If they are both the same speed, why aren’t they the same price?
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December 25
ADSL offers unequal throughput speeds of up to 1.54 Mbps downstream from the carrier (download) and up to 384 kbps upstream (upload), while SDSL delivers equal speed increments (192 kbps, 384 kbps, 768 kbps, 1.1 Mbps, and 1.5 Mbps, both ways).
Availability is also slightly different for ADSL and SDSL. ADSL is typically offered over a wider area, up to 18,000 feet from the CO. SDSL normally falls within a tighter range, offered up to 6,000-8,000 feet from the LEC office.
December 26
Businesses needing to transmit data between one or more locations within the same metropolitan area are candidates for Metro Private Line (MPL) services This service available in T1 and DS-3 speed are available from tier-one providers such as AT&T and Sprint and are reliable alternative to comparable services offered by the local exchange carrier (LEC).
Tier-one local network facilities are provisioned separately from the LEC's facilities (including building access), so there are no single points of failure on the network. That means MPL is one of the most reliable private line services on the market. Inter-exchange carriers such as Sprint and AT&T, offer local service over their own network facilities. MPL services have the bandwidth capacity to provide companies with a flexible, secure, and cost-effective private line solutions.
December 27
Since the mid 1990s, the T1 has been the standard Internet Access solution for small to medium sized businesses across the United States. The T1 for many small businesses was a symbol that a company had arrived. With fully 1.54 Mbps of dedicated Internet throughput, employees at these companies could surf at speeds that seemed to be infinitely faster than their home dial-up connections. Network administrators appreciated the reliability of these circuits. With faster speed and increased reliability businesses in America felt more and more comfortable in relying on the web to support their business. A T1 was the circuit to have for the majority of businesses. Sure IBM, Ford and the Fortune 1000 had already starting deploying T3s (and maybe OC3s) to have the super pipes required to allow their thousands of employees to send e-mail, but for the rest of us, the T1 was all we needed and more. A T1 was fast. A popular Internet Cafe located in airports advertised "peace, quiet and a T1 line"... in this context, a T1 was presented as the be all and end all to Internet circuits.
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December 28
This DoS attack essentially involves flooding a server with a barrage of hand-crafted requests for connection. However, since these messages have invalid return addresses, the connections can never be established. The resulting volume of unresolved open connections eventually overwhelms the server and can cause it to deny service to valid requests. While this scheme does not represent a networking security compromise in itself, it can paralyze on-line services. This mechanism exploits the connection-oriented TCP protocol (which is used to carry the vast majority of Internet applications) and because the attack is an abuse of the defined standard for TCP, this vulnerability exists to some degree in all implementations.
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December 29
The standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications is the International Standard
Organization's Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) model. It defines seven network layers.
Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application
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December 30
The term Ethernet actually refers to the LAN cabling that is the preferred network medium of almost every business in America. The most commonly deployed Ethernet is 10 BaseT which has a maximum speed of 10 Mbps, 100BaseT also called FastE reaches speeds of 100 Mbps. In traditional carrier networks, a copper facility such as a T1 or DSL is nailed up from an Internet Service Provider's (ISP) nearest Point of Presence (POP) to the user's premise where it terminates into a router. On the LAN side of the router, Ethernet is delivered to power the PC's and work stations on the LAN with the internet access that the copper just delivered. In some cases however, Ethernet is an available source of internet access without the need of a copper line. In this instance, Ethernet itself is delivered to the router. This type of internet access is aptly dubbed "Ethernet".
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December 31
A T1 line belongs to the Tcarrier family of telecom products, and as such is a tried and true means of getting Internet Access (particularly as opposed to the varying reliability of DSL, Cable and Satellite). It is this reliability that provides the main benefit to the T1 line.
A T1 is the standard bearer for reliable, fast and cost effective internet connectivity for businesses in America.
T1s provide a dependable 1.54 mbps of throughput, or 24 times the speed of a standard dial up connection. As the circuits are delivered over dedicated copper connections providing constant data throughput, both for upload and download, T1s are ideal for all aspects of business that depend on Internet Connectivity from e-mail access, web conferencing and e-commerce applications.
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